Various natural structures have exquisite physical properties because they have sophisticated structures formed by self-assembly. Achieving similar complexity by bottom-up self-assembly in the laboratory is highly desirable because it would enable advanced and smart materials. However, in most cases, these processes are carried out in a liquid phase, and there is a limitation that it takes a lot of time to form sophisticated structures like the natural 
world. Herein, we have developed a facile and rapid vapor phase self-assembly method to create colorimetric cellulose nanostructures over a large area. A conventional thermal evaporation method was used to manifest various color patterns formed by self-assembled cellulose nano-hemispheres (SCNH). The various color was revealed according to the diameter of the hemispherical structure. We also easily fabricate the wafer-scale artistic work composed of these nano-hemispheres and successfully develop colorimetric sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This work will pave the way to expand the biomaterial-based self-assembled nanostructure not only in liquid phase but also in vapor phase and will provide a foothold for manufacturing various practical devices with increased reliability and mass productivity. 
** Acknowledgement : This project was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National 
Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education [NRF-2020R1A6A1A03043435, and 
NRF-2019R1F1A1063020] and Creative Materials Discovery Program through the National Research Foundation 
of Korea(NRF) funded by Ministry of Science and ICT [2019M3D1A2104109]